鳕鱼鱼鳔抗氧化肽制备工艺研究

本研究以鳕鱼(Gadus morhua)鱼鳔为原料,选用6种不同蛋白酶对其进行酶解,通过比较酶解液的水解度与对DPPH自由基的清除能力,筛选出最佳蛋白酶为复合蛋白酶。通过单因素实验与响应面优化实验,确定最佳提取工艺：酶解时间为6 h、pH为7.21、温度为58.56℃、酶添加量为200 U/ml。研究结果显示,DPPH自由基清除率为61.1%,与理论值62.0%接近。鳕鱼鱼鳔肽体外清除自由基能力实验发现,酶解产物对羟基自由基与超氧阴离子自由基具有一定的清除能力,同时,具有较好的亚铁离子螯合能力。体外模拟胃肠消化后多肽的抗氧化活性变化,结果显示,体外模拟消化产物水解度有增加,对自由基的清除能力与亚铁离子螯合能力有一定的下降,其可能原因为,经模拟胃肠消化后多肽的结构发生一定的变化,导致了抗氧化活性的变化。     

Comparing species and ecosystem-based estimates of fisheries yields

Three methods are described to estimate potential yields of commercial fish species: (i) single-species calculation of maximum sustainable yields, and two ecosystem-based methods derived from published results for (ii) energy flow and for (iii) community structure. The requirements imposed by food-web fluxes, and by patterns of relative abundance, provide constraints on individual species. These constraints are used to set limits to ecosystem-based yields (EBY); these limits, in turn, provide a comparison with the usual estimates of maximum sustainable yields (MSY). We use data on cod and haddock production from Georges Bank for the decade 1993–2002 to demonstrate these methods. We show that comparisons among the three approaches can be used to demonstrate that ecosystem based estimates of yields complement, rather than supersede, the single-species estimates. The former specify the significant changes required in the rest of the ecosystem to achieve a return to maximum sustainable levels for severely depleted commercial fish stocks. The overall conclusion is that MSY defines changes required in particular stocks, whereas EBY determines the changes required in the rest of the ecosystem to realize these yields. Species specific MSY only has meaning in the context of the prey, predators and competitors that surround it.     

Genetic population structure of marine fish: mismatch between biological and fisheries management units

An essential prerequisite of a sustainable fisheries management is the matching of biologically relevant processes and management action. In fisheries management and assessment, fish stocks are the fundamental biological unit, but the reasoning for the operational management unit is often indistinct and mismatches between the biology and the management action frequently occur. Despite the plethora of population genetic data on marine fishes, to date little or no use is made of the information, despite the fact that the detection of genetic differentiation may indicate reproductively distinct populations. Here, we discuss key aspects of genetic population differentiation in the context of their importance for fisheries management. Furthermore, we evaluate the population structure of all 32 managed marine fish species in the north‐east Atlantic and relate this structure to current management units and practice. Although a large number of studies on genetic population structure have been published in the last decades, data are still rare for most exploited species. The mismatch between genetic population structure and the current management units found for six species (Gadus morhua, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Merlangius merlangus, Micromesistius poutassou, Merluccius merluccius and Clupea harengus), emphasizes the need for a revision of these units and questions the appropriateness of current management measures. The implementation of complex and dynamic population structures into novel and less static management procedures should be a primary task for future fisheries management approaches.     

花鲈鳃与鳔器官发育的组织学与形态学观察

为阐明花鲈鳃与鳔器官的发生机制,实验采用连续组织切片技术接合形态学观察对出膜后1～45 d花鲈胚后发育的鳃与鳔器官的发生、发育过程进行了系统的观察与研究。结果显示,花鲈仔稚鱼鳃的胚后发育分为4个阶段,鳃原基出现期(0～3 d)、鳃丝分化期(4～14 d)、鳃小片分化期(15～25 d)与鳃器官完善期(26～45 d)。在水温15～18°C条件下,花鲈孵化后的第1天,鳃原基出现;孵化后的第15天,仔鱼假鳃上分化出鳃小片结构;孵化后的第25天,仔鱼各鳃弓上均分化出鳃小片结构;孵化后的第45天,稚鱼鳃结构发育完全,与成鱼相同。组织学观察结果显示,花鲈鳔器官的发育时期分为形成、扩张、充气和退化4个阶段。花鲈初孵仔鱼未出现鳔原基,在孵化1 d后,仔鱼出现鳔原基,5 d后仔鱼鳔开始扩张,11 d后仔鱼鳔充气完成,13 d后仔鱼鳔开始退化。